| Acronym | Meaning |
| RMP | Radon Measurement Proficiency |
| RMP | Relativistic Model Potential |
| RMP | Resonant Model Potential |
| RMP | Restricted Moeller-Plesset |
| RMP2 | Restricted Moeller-Plesset Second-order (perturbation Theory) |
| RMP4 | Restricted Moeller-Plesset Fourth-order (perturbation Theory) |
| RMPM | Renormalized Multicenter Potential Model (for Scattering) |
| RMPP | Risk Management And Prevention Program |
| RMPROP | R-matrix Propagation |
| RMR | Resting Metabolic Rate |
| RMRCI | Relativistic MR-CI |
| RMS | Root Mean Square |
| RMSECV | Root-mean-square Error Of Cross-validation |
| RMSEP | Root-mean-square Error Of Prediction |
| RMT | Random Matrix Theory |
| RMTA | Rigid Muffin-tin Approxn. |
| RMTO | Relativistic Muffin-tin Orbital |
| RMW | Regulated Medical Waste |
| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
| RNA | Remediation By Natural Attenuation |
| RNAA | Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis |
| RNAI | RNA Interference |
| RNAP | RNA Polymerase |
| RNG | Renormalized Group Theory |
| RNN | Recurrent Neural Network |
| RNO | Reaction Natural Orbital |
| RNR | Ribonucleotide Reductase |
| RNRA | Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis |
| RNS | Reactive Nitrogen Species |
| RO | Reverse Osmosis |
| ROA | Raman Optical Activity |
| ROA | Relaxed Orbital Approximation |
| ROAVERRS | Research On Atmospheric Variability And Atmospheric Response In The Ross Sea |
| ROBK1 | Relativistic First-order Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers |
| ROBK2 | Relativistic Second-order Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers (in Ion-scattering Calcns.) |
| ROBO | Rotating Bond Order (model In Potential Surface Calcns.) |
| ROC | Receiver Operating Characteristics |
| ROC | Receptor-operated Ca2+ Channel |
| ROD | Record Of Decision |
| RODAC | Regional Ocean Dumping Advisory Committee |
| RODS | Records Of Decision System |
| RODTOX | Rapid Oxygen Demand And Toxicity Tester |
| ROESY | Rotating-frame Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy |
| ROFA | Rotating Over Fire Air (boiler Firing) |
| ROG | Reactive Organic Gas |
| ROHF | Restricted Open-shell Hartree-Fock |
| ROHS | Restrictions On Hazardous Substances |
| ROI | Reactive Oxygen Intermediate |
| ROIC | Readout Integrated Circuit |
| ROM | Reactive Oxygen Metabolite |