| Acronym | Meaning |
 | OGO | Orbiting Geosurvey Observatories |
| OMB | Office Of Management And Budget |
| OMDP | Orbiter Maintenance Down Period |
| OMS | Orbital Maneuvering System |
| OPF | Orbiter Processing Facility |
| ORBI | Stock Ticker Symbol For OSC |
| ORFEUS | Orbiting And Retrievable Far And Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer |
| OSC | Orbital Sciences Corporation |
| OSCAR | Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio |
| OSS | Office Of The Space Station |
| OSSA | Office Of Space Science And Applications |
| OSSE | Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment |
| OSTP | Office Of Science And Technology Policy |
| OTA | Optical Telescope Assembly |
| OTFE | Oscillatory Thermocapillary Flow Experiment |
| OTHB | Over The Horizon Backscatter |
| OTV | Orbital Transfer Vehicle |
| OV | Orbital Vehicle |
| PAM | Payload Assist Module |
| PAM-D | Payload Assist Module |
| PARE | Physiological And Anatomical Rodent Experiment |
| PASS | Primary Avionics Software System |
| PC | ParseC (usu. Pc) |
| PCG | Protein Crystal Growth Experiment |
| PCGG | PCG Glovebox |
| PCT | Photometric Calibration Test |
| PDE | Particle Dispersion Experiment |
| PDRS | Payload Deployment And Retrieval System |
| PDS | Planetary Data System |
| PEM | Payload Electronics Module |
| PEM | Particle Environment Monitor |
| PHA | Physics And Astronomy |
| PI | Principal Investigator |
| PLB | Payload Bay |
| PLBD | Payload Bay Doors |
| PLSS | Portable Life Support System |
| PM | Pressurized Module |
| PMC | Permanently Manned Capability |
| PMIRR | Pressure Modulated InfraRed Radiometer |
| PMS | Pre-Main Sequence |
| PMT | PhotoMultiplier Tube |
| PN | Planetary Nebula |
| POCC | Payload/Platform Operations Control Center |
| POEM | Polar Orbiting Earth Mission |
| POP | PO Polyot |
| PPF | Columbus Polar Platform |
| PPM | Positions And Proper Motions (catalog) |
| PRTLS | Powered RTLS |
| PSF | Point Spread Function |
| PSR | PulSaR |
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